Petra, often referred to as the “Rose-Red City,” is one of the most iconic archaeological sites in the world. Hidden away in the mountains of southern Jordan, this ancient city, carved into vibrant pink and red sandstone cliffs, has captivated the imaginations of travelers, historians, and archaeologists for centuries. Originally built by the Nabataeans more than 2,000 years ago, Petra was a thriving city along ancient trade routes before its eventual decline and rediscovery in the 19th century.
In this guide, we’ll explore the rich history, stunning architecture, and must-see sights of Petra, Jordan. Whether you’re planning a visit or simply fascinated by the wonders of the ancient world, Petra offers an unparalleled glimpse into a lost civilization’s ingenuity and artistry.
1. The History of Petra: A City Carved in Stone
Petra’s history is as fascinating as its architecture. Founded by the Nabataeans, a nomadic Arab tribe, around the 6th century BC, Petra became the capital of their kingdom and a major trading hub.
The Nabataeans: Masters of Trade and Architecture
The Nabataeans were skilled traders who controlled the trade routes that linked Arabia, Egypt, and the Mediterranean world. They traded in valuable commodities like frankincense, myrrh, and spices. With their wealth, the Nabataeans built Petra as a symbol of their prosperity, carving monumental tombs, temples, and buildings directly into the cliffs.
Roman Conquest and Influence
In 106 AD, the Roman Empire annexed Petra, and the city became part of the Roman province of Arabia. The Romans added their own architectural touches, including the construction of colonnaded streets and new public buildings. Despite this, Petra remained a Nabataean city at heart, with its distinct style and culture.
Decline and Rediscovery
Petra’s significance declined over the centuries due to changing trade routes and natural disasters like earthquakes. By the Middle Ages, the city was largely abandoned and forgotten by the Western world. It wasn’t until 1812 that Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt rediscovered Petra, bringing its awe-inspiring beauty back to global attention.
2. The Treasury (Al-Khazneh): Petra’s Iconic Facade
The Treasury, known locally as Al-Khazneh, is the most famous and photographed structure in Petra. Its grand facade, carved directly into the sandstone cliff, is the first major sight visitors encounter after walking through the Siq, a narrow canyon that serves as the gateway to Petra.
The Purpose of the Treasury
Despite its name, the Treasury was not used to store treasure. Historians believe it was either a royal tomb or a temple. The intricate carvings and Hellenistic design elements suggest that the Nabataeans were heavily influenced by Greek architecture, yet the Treasury remains distinctly Nabataean in its grandeur and craftsmanship.
Architectural Details
The Treasury stands at 40 meters (131 feet) tall and features a stunning facade with six Corinthian columns, intricate carvings of gods, goddesses, and mythological figures, and a central tholos (circular structure) at the top. The rose-red color of the sandstone gives the Treasury its magical, almost otherworldly appearance, especially when bathed in the early morning or late afternoon light.
The Treasury at Night
One of the most magical experiences at Petra is seeing the Treasury at night. Several times a week, Petra By Night tours are offered, where the path to the Treasury is lit by hundreds of candles. Visitors can sit in front of the illuminated facade and enjoy traditional Bedouin music, creating an unforgettable ambiance.
3. The Siq: Petra’s Dramatic Entrance
The journey to Petra begins with a walk through the Siq, a narrow, winding canyon that stretches for about 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles). The Siq’s towering walls, some reaching up to 80 meters (262 feet), create a sense of anticipation as they guide you toward the heart of Petra.
Geological Formation
The Siq was formed by a natural split in the rock and was later smoothed out by water erosion over thousands of years. Walking through the Siq, visitors can marvel at the natural beauty of the sandstone, which changes color throughout the day depending on the sunlight.
Historical Significance
The Siq was not only Petra’s main entrance but also a key part of its water management system. The Nabataeans constructed channels along the walls of the Siq to collect and direct water into the city, ensuring a steady supply in this arid region.
The Moment of Arrival
As you near the end of the Siq, you’ll catch your first glimpse of the Treasury peeking through the narrow opening between the canyon walls. This dramatic reveal is one of the most breathtaking moments of any visit to Petra, and it’s often referred to as the “rose-red city’s curtain call.”
4. The Monastery (Ad-Deir): A Rewarding Climb
The Monastery, or Ad-Deir, is another of Petra’s monumental structures, rivaling the Treasury in its scale and beauty. While reaching the Monastery requires a challenging hike, the reward is well worth the effort.
The Hike to the Monastery
To reach the Monastery, visitors must climb approximately 800 steps carved into the mountainside. The hike takes about 45 minutes to an hour, depending on your pace, and offers stunning views of Petra’s rugged landscape along the way. Donkeys are also available for those who prefer not to make the climb on foot.
The Monastery’s Grandeur
At 47 meters (154 feet) tall, the Monastery is even larger than the Treasury. Its facade is simpler and less ornate, but its sheer size and commanding presence make it one of the most impressive structures in Petra. The Monastery was likely used as a Nabataean temple, and its remote location suggests it was a place of religious importance.
Panoramic Views
Once you reach the Monastery, take some time to enjoy the panoramic views of the surrounding mountains and valleys. There are several viewpoints nearby where you can sit and take in the beauty of Petra’s natural landscape, far removed from the crowds of the city center.
5. The Royal Tombs: A Glimpse into Nabataean Burial Practices
The Royal Tombs are a series of large, ornately carved tombs that line the cliffs of Petra’s main valley. These tombs are believed to have been the burial places of Nabataean kings and other high-ranking officials.
The Urn Tomb
One of the most impressive Royal Tombs is the Urn Tomb, which is named for the large urn that sits atop its facade. It was later converted into a Byzantine church, as evidenced by the remains of a large hall inside. The Urn Tomb is accessible via a short climb and offers great views of the surrounding area.
The Silk Tomb
The Silk Tomb is known for the vibrant, multi-colored sandstone from which it is carved. The swirling hues of red, yellow, and purple give the tomb its name and make it a favorite among photographers.
The Corinthian Tomb and Palace Tomb
The Corinthian Tomb and Palace Tomb are also notable for their impressive facades, which feature a mix of Nabataean and Roman architectural styles. The Palace Tomb is one of the largest in Petra, with three levels and a grand facade that resembles a palace, hence its name.
6. The Great Temple and Petra’s Roman Influence
The Great Temple of Petra is one of the largest and most significant archaeological sites in the city. Spanning an area of 7,560 square meters, this grand complex offers a glimpse into Petra’s Roman influence and the city’s civic and religious life.
The Great Temple Complex
The Great Temple was likely a public gathering space or administrative center during Petra’s Roman period. It features a large central courtyard, a colonnaded street, and several rooms that may have been used for ceremonial or governmental purposes. Excavations of the site continue to reveal more about its function and significance.
Roman Amphitheater
Located near the Great Temple is Petra’s Roman Amphitheater, which could seat up to 8,000 spectators. The amphitheater is carved directly into the rock, a testament to the architectural ingenuity of both the Nabataeans and the Romans. It was used for public performances, gatherings, and possibly gladiatorial games.
FAQs: Petra, Jordan
What other attractions are near Petra?
Other nearby attractions include Wadi Rum, known for its stunning desert landscapes, and the Dead Sea, famous for its mineral-rich waters. Both can be visited as part of a trip to Petra.
What is Petra known for?
Petra is known for its stunning rock-cut architecture, particularly the Treasury and the Monastery. It is also famous for its rose-red sandstone cliffs and its historical significance as a Nabataean trade hub.
How do I get to Petra?
Petra is located in southern Jordan, near the town of Wadi Musa. Visitors can reach Petra by car, bus, or taxi from major cities like Amman or Aqaba. The site is also part of many guided tours.
When is the best time to visit Petra?
The best time to visit Petra is during the spring (March to May) or fall (September to November) when the weather is mild and comfortable for hiking. Summers can be extremely hot, while winters can bring rain and cooler temperatures.
How long does it take to explore Petra?
To fully explore Petra, including its main sights like the Treasury, the Monastery, and the Royal Tombs, plan to spend at least one full day. Many visitors choose to spend two or more days to explore the site at a leisurely pace.
Is Petra safe for tourists?
Yes, Petra is considered safe for tourists. Jordan has a stable government and a well-developed tourism infrastructure. However, as with any travel destination, it’s important to stay aware of your surroundings and follow local safety guidelines.
Can I visit Petra at night?
Yes, Petra By Night is a special event that allows visitors to see the Treasury illuminated by candlelight. The experience includes traditional Bedouin music and storytelling, creating a magical atmosphere.
What should I wear when visiting Petra?
Comfortable, breathable clothing is recommended, as well as sturdy walking shoes for navigating Petra’s rocky terrain. A hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen are essential, especially during the hotter months.
Is Petra accessible for people with mobility issues?
Petra’s rocky terrain and the hike to sites like the Monastery may be challenging for those with mobility issues. However, there are options for donkey or camel rides, and parts of the site, like the Treasury, are more accessible.
Are there guided tours available in Petra?
Yes, guided tours are available and highly recommended for learning about Petra’s rich history and architecture. You can hire local guides at the entrance, or join a pre-arranged group tour.