Matera, located in the southern region of Basilicata, Italy, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Known for its incredible landscape of ancient cave dwellings carved into limestone rock, Matera offers a glimpse into a way of life that has remained largely unchanged for centuries. Often referred to as “the city of stone,” Matera’s Sassi districts are a striking testament to the city’s resilience and historical significance.
In 1993, Matera was named a UNESCO World Heritage site due to its unique cave architecture and cultural heritage. Over the past few decades, the city has undergone a dramatic transformation, evolving from a symbol of poverty and neglect to one of Italy’s most fascinating cultural destinations. In 2019, Matera was honored as the European Capital of Culture, further cementing its status as a must-visit location for history buffs, culture seekers, and travelers looking for an off-the-beaten-path experience.
2. The History of Matera: From Prehistoric Times to Modern Day
Matera’s history stretches back thousands of years, with evidence of human habitation dating to the Paleolithic period. The Sassi, Matera’s iconic cave dwellings, are thought to be among the earliest human settlements in Italy, with their origins in prehistoric times. These caves were initially used as shelters by early inhabitants and eventually evolved into a complex system of homes, churches, and storerooms over the centuries.
- The Origins of the Sassi: The unique geography of Matera, with its soft limestone rock, allowed early settlers to carve their homes directly into the cliffs. By the time the Romans arrived in the 3rd century BCE, the Sassi had already become an established settlement. Over the centuries, the caves were expanded, and new layers of construction were added as the population grew.
- Matera Through the Roman and Medieval Eras: During Roman times, Matera became a thriving agricultural center, known for its fertile lands and strategic location. In the Middle Ages, the city expanded further, with monasteries and churches carved into the rock by monastic orders. The cave churches, many of which still contain stunning frescoes, are some of the most remarkable examples of rock-cut architecture in Italy.
- Matera’s Abandonment in the 20th Century: By the early 20th century, however, Matera had become synonymous with extreme poverty and hardship. The living conditions in the Sassi, with no running water or electricity, were dire, leading the Italian government to evacuate the cave dwellings in the 1950s. For decades, the Sassi were abandoned, and Matera became known as “the shame of Italy.”
- Revitalization and Matera’s Role as European Capital of Culture 2019: In the 1980s, efforts to preserve and restore Matera began in earnest, leading to the city’s UNESCO designation. Today, the Sassi have been transformed into a vibrant cultural hub, with boutique hotels, restaurants, and galleries. In 2019, Matera’s selection as the European Capital of Culture showcased the city’s rebirth, bringing new attention to its rich history and cultural offerings.
3. Exploring the Sassi: Matera’s Iconic Cave Dwellings
The Sassi of Matera are divided into two main districts: Sassi Barisano and Sassi Caveoso. Together, they form a labyrinth of stone houses, alleys, and staircases, making it one of the most extraordinary urban landscapes in Europe.
- Sassi Barisano: The larger and more developed of the two districts, Sassi Barisano is filled with restored cave houses, many of which have been transformed into hotels, restaurants, and artisan workshops. It’s a bustling part of the city, with a lively atmosphere and plenty of opportunities to explore both the touristic side of Matera and the daily life of its residents. Sassi Barisano offers a great starting point for visitors who want to explore the city’s history while enjoying modern amenities such as boutique hotels and fine dining.
- Sassi Caveoso: This is the oldest and most historically significant part of the city, offering a more authentic glimpse into the past. The dwellings in Sassi Caveoso are less renovated than those in Barisano, providing a raw and powerful look at how people lived in these caves for centuries. Walking through Sassi Caveoso feels like stepping back in time. The district is also home to some of the most important cave churches, many of which contain ancient frescoes. It’s the cultural heart of Matera and a must-visit for history lovers.
- The Cave Churches: Matera’s religious history is deeply intertwined with its cave churches. Scattered throughout the Sassi districts, these churches were carved directly into the rock, and many are adorned with beautiful frescoes that date back to the medieval period. One of the most famous is the Church of San Pietro Barisano, known for its intricate rock-cut architecture. The Crypt of the Original Sin, just outside Matera, is another highlight, often referred to as the “Sistine Chapel of the Cave Churches” due to its stunning frescoes that depict scenes from the Bible.
- Staying in a Cave Hotel: For a truly unique experience, many visitors opt to stay in one of Matera’s cave hotels. These accommodations allow guests to sleep in rooms carved from the rock, blending modern luxury with the ancient atmosphere of the Sassi. The hotels are designed to retain the original character of the caves while providing amenities such as air conditioning, private baths, and even spa services. Staying in a cave hotel is an unforgettable way to immerse yourself in the history and charm of Matera.
4. Top Attractions in Matera
Beyond the Sassi, Matera offers a variety of historical and cultural attractions that showcase the city’s rich heritage.
- The Matera Cathedral: Perched atop the Civita Hill, Matera’s cathedral is a stunning example of Romanesque architecture, with later Baroque additions. Built in the 13th century, the cathedral dominates the skyline and offers breathtaking views of the Sassi and the surrounding countryside. Inside, visitors can admire ornate frescoes, intricate altarpieces, and the stunning rose window on the facade.
- Casa Noha: For those looking to dive deeper into Matera’s history, Casa Noha is a must-visit. This multimedia museum provides an immersive experience, detailing the history of the Sassi from their prehistoric origins to the present day. Visitors are taken on a journey through the centuries, learning about the rise, fall, and rebirth of Matera through archival footage, photographs, and narration.
- Palombaro Lungo: Hidden beneath Piazza Vittorio Veneto, Palombaro Lungo is a vast underground cistern that once served as the city’s water supply. This impressive feat of engineering dates back to the 16th century and is carved entirely out of rock. Today, guided tours allow visitors to explore this subterranean world and learn about the innovative water management systems used by the people of Matera.
- Museo Nazionale Ridola: Matera is not just about cave dwellings—its history goes back even further. The Museo Nazionale Ridola is dedicated to the archaeological history of the region, showcasing artifacts from prehistoric, Roman, and medieval periods. Highlights include ancient pottery, tools, and sculptures, offering a fascinating glimpse into the lives of Matera’s earliest inhabitants.
5. The Unique Culture and Traditions of Matera
Matera’s culture is as rich and diverse as its history. From film to food, the city is a treasure trove of artistic and cultural experiences.
- The Matera Film Scene: Matera’s dramatic landscapes and ancient architecture have made it a popular filming location for movies. It has served as the backdrop for numerous historical and biblical films, including Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ and the recent No Time to Die James Bond movie. The town’s cinematic appeal adds to its allure, attracting film buffs and tourists alike.
- Local Artisans and Crafts: Matera has a long tradition of craftsmanship, particularly in stone carving and pottery. Visitors can explore local workshops and see artisans at work, creating beautiful pieces from the local tufa stone and clay. Handcrafted items such as pottery, sculptures, and textiles make for unique souvenirs that reflect Matera’s cultural heritage.
- Festivals and Events: Matera’s cultural calendar is filled with festivals that celebrate the city’s traditions and history. One of the most significant is the Festa della Bruna, held annually in July. This religious festival features a grand procession, fireworks, and the ceremonial destruction of a statue of the Madonna, symbolizing the renewal of life. The Matera International Film Festival is another major event, drawing filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world.
- Matera’s Culinary Scene: No visit to Matera is complete without indulging in the local cuisine. The city’s food reflects its agricultural roots, with dishes made from simple, high-quality ingredients. Bread is a staple, with Matera’s famous sourdough bread, pane di Matera, being a must-try. Other local specialties include cavatelli (handmade pasta), peperoni cruschi (crispy fried peppers), and fave e cicorie (fava beans with chicory). Be sure to pair your meal with a glass of Aglianico wine, produced in the nearby region of Basilicata.
6. Outdoor Adventures Around Matera
While Matera is best known for its historical attractions, the surrounding landscape offers plenty of opportunities for outdoor exploration.
- Hiking the Murgia Plateau: The Murgia Plateau, located just across the ravine from the Sassi, is a natural park filled with hiking trails that offer breathtaking views of Matera. The plateau is dotted with ancient cave dwellings, rock churches, and grazing sheep, creating a unique landscape that blends history and nature. One of the most popular hikes is to Belvedere Murgia Timone, which provides a panoramic view of Matera.
- Exploring the Ravine: The Gravina di Matera, the ravine that runs alongside the city, is a striking natural feature that has shaped the landscape for centuries. Visitors can hike through the ravine, discovering ancient settlements, hidden caves, and dramatic rock formations along the way. The ravine also offers excellent opportunities for birdwatching, with species such as falcons and kestrels often spotted soaring overhead.
- Biking Through the Basilicata Countryside: For those who prefer two wheels to two feet, biking is a great way to explore the rolling hills and countryside surrounding Matera. The region is known for its scenic beauty, with olive groves, vineyards, and ancient stone walls lining the roads. Biking tours often include stops at local farms, where visitors can sample regional products such as olive oil and cheese.
- Day Trips: Discovering Nearby Towns and Attractions: Matera is ideally located for day trips to other fascinating destinations in southern Italy. The town of Alberobello, famous for its trulli houses, is just a short drive away. The archaeological site of Metaponto, with its ancient Greek temples, is another nearby attraction. For beach lovers, the Ionian coast offers sandy beaches and crystal-clear waters just an hour’s drive from Matera.
7. Practical Tips for Visiting Matera
Before you embark on your journey to Matera, here are some practical tips to help make your visit smooth and enjoyable.
- Best Time to Visit Matera: The best time to visit Matera is in the spring (April to June) or autumn (September to October), when the weather is mild, and the crowds are thinner. Summers can be hot, and winter is cooler but still a great time to explore the quieter streets.
- How to Get to Matera: Matera is accessible by train, bus, or car from major cities like Bari, Naples, and Rome. The nearest airport is in Bari, from where it’s a 1.5-hour drive to Matera. Buses and trains run regularly from Bari, making it an easy day trip or longer stay.
- Where to Stay: Matera offers a wide range of accommodation options, from luxurious cave hotels to budget-friendly B&Bs. For a truly unique experience, staying in a cave hotel within the Sassi is highly recommended. Alternatively, there are beautiful boutique hotels and villas in the modern part of the city.
- Travel Tips: Navigating the Steep Streets of the Sassi: The Sassi districts are characterized by steep, narrow streets and staircases, so comfortable walking shoes are a must. Be prepared for a lot of walking and climbing, but the effort is well worth it for the incredible views and experiences you’ll encounter along the way.
FAQs
Is Matera a UNESCO World Heritage site? Yes, Matera was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993 due to its unique cave architecture and cultural significance.
What is the best time to visit Matera? The best time to visit Matera is during spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October) when the weather is pleasant, and the crowds are smaller.
Why are the Sassi of Matera significant? The Sassi of Matera are ancient cave dwellings carved into limestone cliffs. They are one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited settlements and a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Can you stay in a cave hotel in Matera? Yes, many of the cave dwellings in Matera have been transformed into unique cave hotels, offering a blend of modern luxury and historical ambiance.
What are the top attractions in Matera? Top attractions include the Sassi districts, the Matera Cathedral, Casa Noha, Palombaro Lungo, and the cave churches such as the Crypt of the Original Sin.
Is Matera a good destination for outdoor activities? Yes, Matera is surrounded by stunning natural landscapes, including the Murgia Plateau and the Gravina ravine, offering hiking, biking, and birdwatching opportunities.
How do I get to Matera from Bari? Matera is a 1.5-hour drive from Bari, and there are regular buses and trains that connect the two cities.
What local foods should I try in Matera? Local specialties include pane di Matera (Matera bread), cavatelli (handmade pasta), and peperoni cruschi (crispy fried peppers). Be sure to try the local Aglianico wine as well.
What makes Matera’s cave churches special? Matera’s cave churches are carved directly into the rock and often feature stunning medieval frescoes. They provide a unique insight into the region’s religious history.
What films were shot in Matera? Matera has been the backdrop for numerous films, including Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ and the recent James Bond film No Time to Die.